Holland's Theory

Holland's Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments

published in 1997

Holland asks: 
 
  1. What personal and environmental characteristics lead to satisfying career decisions, involvement, and achievement, and what characteristics lead to indecision, dissatisfying decisions, or lack of accomplishment? 
  2. What personal and environmental characteristics lead to stability or change in the kind and level of work a person performs over a lifetime?
  3. What are the most effective methods for providing assistance to people with career problems? 
Image result for holland's 6 personality typesHis theory simply categorized in 6 personality types:
  1. Realistic
  2. Investigative
  3. Artistic
  4. Social
  5. Enterprising
  6. Conventional

Holland says, "The pairing of persons and environments leads to outcomes that we can predict and understand from our knowledge of the personality types and the environmental models." 


Key Principles in Using the Theory: 
  1. Calculus - the relationship of one type to another
  2. Consistency - prediction of the ease or difficulty of making a career choice
  3. Congruence - prediction of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one's choice according to the match of personality and environment
  4. Differentiation - refining or modifying predictions of vocational behaviors
  5. Identity - constructing a clear picture one has of their own current career plans or where one is vocationally 
Four Level Diagnostic and Treatment Plan: 
  1. Level One: for people with valid personal theories 
  2. Level Two: for people whose theories have occupational knowledge that requires adaptation to an unusual work situation
  3. Level Three: for people whose theories have little translation or reliability for relating personality to occupation
  4. Level Four: for people whose theory is immensely lacking or weak
In short: career counselors should work closely and diligently with a client to match or fit the client's personality to their work environment. 

Gysbers, N.C., Heppner, M.J., Johnston, J.A. (2014). Career Counseling: Holism, Diversity, and Strengths. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

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